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Single Screw Extrusion
Extrusion is a technology to convey materials which dates back far before the plastic era. It has been in use in the ceramics industry for ages. When we also include screws to transport water,the
technology is thousands of years old.
For plastic processing, extrusion has been used from the start. First to convey PVC and polyethylene, later also for engineering plastics. However, screw modifications become
necessary.
The length of a screw is expressed as theratio between diameter and length. For a 21 D screw with a diameter 3 cm, theactive length is thus 63 cm. Since the emergence of crystalline engineering
plastics, the length of the screws had to be increased. A screw length of 24 D is quite common. The geometry of screws can be varied.Widely used for extrusion applications are 3-zone screws and
barrier screws.
3-zone screws consist of 3 zones: Feed Zone, Compression Zone, Metering Zone
The feed section is the part of the screw where the unmolten polymer enters into the barrel. The rotating screw moves the material along the heated barrel where it starts to melt.
In the compression zone, gases like air and volatiles like moisture, are being removed. In the compression zone, the flight depth decreases and gases are pushed back into the direction of the
hopper.
Finally, the material enters the metering section. In this section, pressure is generated which enables the material to be conveyed into the shaping area, like feed block or film die.
The compression ratio of the screw is the ratio between the flight depth of the feed section and the ratio of themetering section.
Most screws have a flight helix that is equal to the diameter of the screw.