The FNO (Family Name Origin) database allows access to more than 49,700 primary names. Names installed into the system derive from the exact spelling. The program has the ability of adding and editing up to 200,000 variant spellings which have a direct connection. For example the name GUINNESS has variant spellings which include GUINESS, GUINES, McGINNIS, McENNESSE, McENNIS, McINNES, McINCH
Names were adopted according to fairly general principles divided into four classifications. Local names are taken from places of origin. Nicknames describe mental and physical characteristics, clothes, complexion etc. The Patronymic was the method of taking the first name of the father, as the last name of the son. Some names were also modified with the prefix "O" (son of) or "Mac" (grandson of, or descendant of). Additionally, spellings were changed either due to error or misunderstanding and became permanent thereafter.
Family names, as we know them today, were first assumed in Europe from the 11th to the 15th century. They were not in use in England and Scotland before the Norman Conquest and were first found in the Domesday Book of 1086. Prior to this, only Christian or nicknames were used. The employment of a second name, introduced by the Normans, became a mark of gentle blood. It was not until the reign of Edward II (1307-1327) that the practice became general among all people.
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Family names, as we know them today, were first assumed in Europe from the 11th to the 15th century.
Family names, as we know them today, were first assumed in Europe from the 11th to the 15th century. |