palm oil

However, such high yields are rarely achieved in practicebecause climatic conditions are usually less than ideal. Rainfall is erratic inCentral and West Africa and hence the tree suffer water-related stresses. Themanagement of costly inputs of labour, imported fertilizers, pesticides andharvesting machinery, is also a difficulty that hampers the yield ofplantations.

10-11

Shell/fruit

21-22

Kernel/fruit

71-76 %

Mesocarp/fruit

44-46 %

Mesocarp/bunch

5-7 %

Kernel/bunch

21-23 %

Oil/bunch

60-65 %

Fruit/bunch

23-27 kg

Bunch weight

Ideal composition of palm fruitbunch

Modern high-yielding varieties developed by breeding programs,under ideal climatic conditions and good management, are capable of producing inexcess of 20 tonnes of bunches/ha/yr, with palm oil in bunch content of 25percent. This is equivalent to a yield of 5 tonnes oil/ha/yr (excluding the palmkernel oil), which far outstrips any other source of edible oil.

The extensive development of oil palm industries in manycountries in the tropics has been motivated by its extremely high potentialproductivity. The oil palm gives the highest yield of oil per unit area comparedto any other crop and produces two distinct oils - palm oil and palm kernel oil- both of which are important in world trade.

The wild oil palm groves of Central and West Africa consistsmainly of a thick-shelled variety with a thin mesocarp, called Dura. Breedingwork, particularly crosses between Dura and a shell-less variety (Pisifera),have led to the development of a hybrid with a much thicker mesocarp and athinner shell, termed Tenera. All breeding and planting programs now use thislatter type, the fruits of which have a much higher content of palm oil than thenative Dura.

Because of its economic importance as an high-yielding sourceof edible and technical oils, the oil palm is now grown as a plantation crop inmost countries with high rainfall (minimum 1 600 mm/yr) in tropical climateswithin 10

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