PALMAROSA OIL

Oil of Palmarose is used as a source of high quality geraniol and geranyl acetata. The oil as well as its major constituents are widely employed in cosmetuc, particularly in soaps to which it imparts a very pronounced and longlasting odour. It is also used in flavouring of tobacco and production of scented hair oil.   

The chief constituents of oil of variety motia are gerniol (75-85%) geranyl acetate (6-12%) citronellol (5-6%) linalool (2-4%) and citral. Apart from major constituents, the minor constituents of the oil are alpha pinene, beta-pinene, beta and gama elemene, beta-farnecene, fainesol and etc.

(caclulated as geraniol)

Total alcohal                                          : 84-94%

(at 30*C temp.)

Refractrive Index                                  : 1.4730-1.4760

Opticate rotation                                   : +600 - -300

(at 30*C temp.)

Specific gravity                                      : 0-889-0.894

                                                                   Grassy.

Odour                                                     : Sweet, rosaceous and some what

Appearance                                            : Transparent, Very light yellow.

Palmarosa oil is transparent very light yellow in colour and gives a sweet odour. The oil has following properties:

Hydro-steam or steam distillation is used for the distillation of palmarosa oil. Some growers use very primitive distillation equipments which result in low recovery and poor quality of oil. Fuel efficient field distillation are most suitable for small and medium scale oil production. Such plants are commonly used in Uttar Pradesh. To make distillation process economical, it is advisable to chop the grass into small pieces of  20-30 cm size. Chopped grass is charged into the still and packed firmly. Boiler operated plants (steam distillation) are run at a steam pressure takes of 30-40 kg psi. With boiler operated plant distillation process takes about 3-4 hrs for completion as against 4-5 hrs required with directly fierd plant.

Distillation:-

        Palmarosa plant is widely adopted to wide range of soil and climatic conditions. The plant is capable to grow on waste lands and is highly tolrent to moisture stress. It can also withstands high temperature during summer months. Therefore, there good possibilities of utilizing marginal lands, soil with low fertility, saline, alksli, soils and unirrigated land for economic production of palmarosa.

        Because of rose like aroma, palmarosa oil and its major constituent, geraniol, is much valued in perfumery and cosmetic industries the world over. There has been increased demand of oil and geraniol.

Earlier the cultivation of palmarosa was done on a limited scale in maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and tamlinadu. In Uttar Prasesh, cultivation of palmarosa started only in recent years. During the last six to eight years its cultivation was taken up by farmers in Aligarh, Allahabad, Budaun, Basti and Mirzapur districts in the U. P. states.

     Palmarosa, Cymbopogon martini (family Poaceae), has been known for its essential oil for a long time. In India, the plant is found growing in wild state and known as Rosha grass or Rusa grass by the local people. The oil obtained from the distillation of the flowering tops is referred to as palmarosa oil in trade. There are two district varieties of palmarosa that grow side by side in wild state. The two varieties are the motia and the sofia. The oil of variety motia is considered superior due to its high content of geraniol (85-92%) than sofia (Geraniol content 60-70%). Variety sofia is also known as ginger grass. Except for minor differences in leaf size and steam structure andcolour, both varieties are morphologically similar. Palmarosa oil has been distilled commercially for more than 100years in India. For distillation of oil, wild collection of grass has been the major source. At present also, part of the total oil produced in the country is distilled from wild growing grass, found in M. P., Maharashtra, Andra, Pradesh and Orissa. The good quality production of palmarosa oil in Dehradum district of Uttar Pradesh. In due course of time, palmarosa cultivation could become pooular among the growers of Orisa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh states. Recently few farmers in Haryana and Madhya Pradesh states have also taken up the cultivation. The present total annual world producion of palmarosa oil is estimated to be 100 tonnes. India shares for major world production, 70-80 tonnes; Brazil, Gautemala and Indonesia are the other palmarosa oil producing countries in the world. India remained a major exporter of palmarosa oil to the world market.

Introduction:-

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