Geranium Oil

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USES:-Because of powerful rose like odour geranium oil is an item of choice for scenting of soaps and cosmetics. Due to the presence of rhodinol which can also be isolated from the oil, it is most widely used in high grade perfumes. Geranium oil is stable in sopes and gives a strong and longlosting rose oil odour. In India, it is also used for flaoring of tobacco.

(at 20* C Temp.)                             : 1.461 1.468

Optical rotation                              : -7* 40 13* 50

Sp. Gravity                                      : 0.888-0.896

Appearance                                     : Greenish Yellow.

Geranium oil posses very strong, heavey rose like odour, occasionally slightly harsh and minty. The oil posses following propertiese.

PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES :-

Freshly harvest materiel is used for distillation. Steam distillation is preferred over hydrodistillation as the recovery of oil and its qualitu have always been better with ateam distillation. The distillation precess is completed in 3-4 hrs time.

DISTILLATION:-

Essential oil in the geranium plant is mostly present in the leaves. Tender as well as woody branches have very little or no oil. On laboratory scale distillation the oil contant in fresh herb (with about 80% water)varies from 0.15-0.2%. On commercial scale the recovery of oil is 0.1-12%. Crop with as average growth may yield 200-25- qof fresh herb and 20 25 kg oil per hectare in three harvest in a year.

OIL CONTENT AND YIELD :-

Rooted cutting are dig out from  the nursery containing some soil around root zone, and are planted in field on ridges made 60 cm apart, at 60 cm plant to distance. Before the transfer of rooted cutting from nursery to field these are dipped in 0.03%  Benlet Fungicide solution for about 15-20 seconds. Field is irrigated immediately after planting. Depth of irrigation should be period avoid water stagnation in the furrows for a longer period which may adversely affect the percentage of the establishment. Of the cutting

PLANTING ;-

Irrigation is an important operation in geranium cultivation. The crop requires maintenance of optimum level of soil moisture throughout the crop span. Too dry and too wet condition are harmful for plant growth. Therefore, it is advisable to apply very light irrigation at regular interval. A such the crop may require six to eight irrigation during the winter and summer month.

IRRIGATION :-

Geranium is propagated vegetatively from cutting. Terminal cutting give fast rooting and establishes better than middle and basal cutting. Terminal cutting about 20 cm long are taken and the leaves except 3-4 terminal one are stripped off before planying. Cutting are planted in nursery beds of 3m X 1.5m size, situated preferably in partial shade.To provide NPK in the ratio 20:30:30 should be mixed in the soil before planting the cuttings. Before planting, cutting are dipped in 0.03% Benlet fungicide solution for 15-20 seconds to protect the cut end from fungal infection. Application of rooting hormones like Seradix B-2 to cut end is recommended to encourage early rooting. Cutting are planted at the distance of 10cm and 5-7.5 deep in the soil. After planting, the beds are irrigation. Although, nursery can be raised any time between 15^th October and 15^th March, November and December month are best suited for the purpose. Cutting take about 7-8 weeks to be ready for planting in the field.

PEROPAGATION :-

The main field is prepared to a fine tilth through one deep ploughing and 3-4 light harrowings. The field should be free of perennial weeds. After the field is prepared beds of convenient size are made. Ridge 20-25 cm are made 60 cm apart before planting.

LAND PREPARATION :-

Well drained deep light soils rich in organic matter with pH6-6.5 (slightly acidic) are considered ideal for geranium cultivation. Heavy clay and water logged soils are not suitable as these soils fail to maintain proper aeration to the root zone required by the plant. In heavy soils there is always fear death of plant due to root rot, espeacielly during rainy season when water table tends to be high.Geranium can be cultivated at altitudes ranges from 1,000 m-2,000 m. It grows west in Mediterranean type of climate with warm winter and mild summer with an average annual rainfall of 100-150 cm Best growth of plant occurs between 25-30* C temperature and at an average humidity of 75%. Temperature beyond 35* C has been found to be detrimental to plant growth.

SOIL AND CLIMATE :-

     In trade, there are two type if oil i.e. Bourbon type obtained from Reunion, and Algerian type. The former is considered to be superior than later as it is very rich in citronellol and posses very heavy rose and minty odour. The present world production of geranium oil is approximately 750 tonnes annually. In India the production of geranium oil is estimated to be 5 tonnes annually. As the demand of geranium oil for perfumery and cosmetic industries in the countey is much higher than the indigenous production, the bulk of requirement is met through import, which is around 60-70 tonnes annually worth Rs 2.0 cores. Therefore, there is urgent need to popularize large scale cultivation so as to produce sufficient quantity of oil to meet the internal demand and for export.

Geranium oil is obtained by steam distillation of flowering herb of Pelargonium graveolens (Family Gernalaceae). It is also knows as rose geranium because of its rose like odour. Geranium oil finds massive application in perfumery and cosmetic industries world over. The plant is mainly cultivated in Reunion, Medagaskar, Morocco, Egypl and China. In India, it is cultivated on limited scale in Tamilndu, Nilgiris and Palani hills (Kodaikanal). Recently some farmer of Andha Pradesh and Karnataka States have started geranium plantation.

INTRODUCTION :-

FAMILY:-                               Geraniaceae.

BOTANICAL NAME:-              Pelarrgonium graveolens L.

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