Patchouli Oil

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Pathouli oil is one of the most important essential oils used in perfumery and cosmetics industry world over. It has strong fixative properties and prolong the life of any perfumery material which it is a part. Infact, there is hardly any blend of fancy and oriental fragrance that does not contain a good amount of Patchouli oil. The oil is almost a perfumes by itself. Thus, Patchouli oil has wide range of applications in alcohalic drink, forgenfood, dairy products, baked good, meet products, soaps cosmetic and essence.

USES:-

Important chemical constituents of Patchouli oil are Patchouli alcohol, alpha-patchoulene and other minor constituents, Patchouli oxide, pogostol and bulnesene.

Optical Rotation        : 48* 0 65* 40

(at 25* C)

Refractive Index        : 1.5031-1.5110

(at 25* C)

Specific gravity         : 0.962-0.974

                                    Distilled oil yellowish green.

Appearnace:-             : Brownihs, dark orange, viscous freshly

Patchouli oil distilled from dried and cured leaves is viscous liquid, brownish or dark orange in colour. It gives woody, sweet, herbaceous and some-what spicy note. The oil develops sweet aroma on aging. Freshly distilled oil is yellowish green in colour with dominent woody green note. The oil has following properties.

PHYSICO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:-

OIL CONTENT YIELD:-The oil content in dried patchouli herb varies from 3-5%. Leaves contain about 4-5% whereas the steam has only 0.5-0.8%oil. Depending upon the quality of herb and the method of the drying the oil recovery on commercial scale distillation varies from 2-3.5%. On an average 125-150q/ha fresh herb is harvested from 3harvest in a year, which on drying remains to 25-30 quintal and yield about 60-75 kg oil. The herb and oil yield are greatly affected by the amount of sun light available to the patchouli plants. In too much shady conditions, the herb yield and the oil content is considerably reduced as the branching , leaf development and oil biosynthesis in the patchouli leaves are adversely affected.

Well dried and cured leaves are used for distillation. Sometime dried leaf material contains to much woody brancheswhich normaly occur due to delay in harvesting. Before charging such material to the distillation still it is desirable to separate out woody branches to economise the cost of distillation. The distillation can be done in directly fired stills or by hydrodistillation or steam distillation. However, generally the oil recovery and quality of oil with steam distillation is better than the other method. Normally the distillation process is completed in about 6-8 hours. The time of distillation is very much important with respect to the quality of oil. While very short distillation gives oil of too low specific gravity, prolonged distillation with high steam pressure may yield oils containing very high fraction and resins of undesired odour. In steam operated distillation plant it is desirable to interchange high and low steam pressure so that hydrodiffusion takes place at different range to expose more and more oil glands for complete recovery of oil. Some perfumers use oil distillation from freshly harvested plant materials to create a green note in their product. Aging of ol of freshly distilled or from dried and cured leaves improve the quality and odour value of oil.

DISTILLATION:-

IRRIGATION:-Availability of sufficient soil moisture through out the growing period is the key successful production of patchouli. Therefore, areas enjoying well distributed rainfall and long rainy season are well suited for patchouli cultivation. During dry months frequent irrigations are required to keep the soil most. In sub-tropical climate during dry summer months, March-June, irrigation at 10-12 days interval are required.

PLANTING:-In open field desired shade can be created by planting trees like, Leucociana, Glyricide or Erythrina species few months before planting of patchouli. In any case the newlyIn plains planting should be preferred on ridges. For direct planting, it is advisable to start the planting operation when the weather is cloudy and is likely to rain. Cuttings or nursery raised plants are planted on ridges made 75-90 cm apart at 60 cm plant to plant distence. Before making ridges application of 20 kg Furadan or 150 kg Dasanit/ha is applied to protect the plant against nematodes.

LAND PREPARATION:-The land is cleared off of bushes and perennial weeds through deep pioughing and digging the spots to uproot the deep rooted bushes. Individulal beds are finely leveled to avoid water stagnation and to ensure proper drainage. In areas with little fear of water logging, high ridges are made

Channels. For best growth plant requires a moderate temperature (25-30* c) and high humidity (about 70%).

SOILS AND CLIMATE:-Patchouli can be cultivated in a wide range of soils and climate conditions. However, the plant thrives best in hot and humid climate with evenly distributed rainfall. Drainage of  the field is ensured by planting on   ridges and laying out proper drainage

 The first attempt to cultivation patchouli in India was made by total oil mills in 1942 in Madhya Pradesh. However, the plantation could not be made successful. Later on in the year 1944 46, Subbarao and co-workers undertook the scientific cultivation at the India Institute of Sciences, Bengalore which proved the possibilities of producing desired quality of patchouli in the agro- climatic conditions of Bangalore. Central at Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, Regional Centre  at Bengalore started scientific cultivation of patchouli in 1962. The center could develop necessary cultivation and distillation technologies. Inspite of the fact that climatic condition of Karnataka, Andhra, Tamilnadu and Kerala are quite suitable for the cultivation of patchouli and large acrage of rubber, coconut, mango and other plantation are there to accommodate patchouli as understory crop, the cultivation of patchouli could not be popularized in these states. As a result, India remained importer of patchouli oil and meeting bulks of its requirement through import. About 80-100 tonnes oil worth Rh.2.0-2.5 crores is import annually in the country. Therefore, there is need to popularize the cultivation in different parts of the country to make India solfsufficient  in patchouli oil production.

(Blanco) Benth. Syn. P. patchouli pellet var. sauvis Hook. (Family other essential oil, and sandalwood oil geranium and lavender. Patchouli oil is considered to be the cheapest fixative among the natural source, and enhances the life of any perfume to which is part. Since, there is no synthetic chemical substitute to patchouli oil it further enhances the value and unique position patchouli oil in perfumery and cosmetic industry.

The oil of patchouli is obtained steam distillation of dried leaves of Pogostemom cablin Labiatae). The oil is known to blends will with

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